Bioprinting is expected to be a revolutionary technology for application in medicine, bringing hope to countless patients. For a long time, many patients have been experiencing a lack of suitable organs for transplantation, which eventually lead to loss of lives. Bioprinting technology can integrate cells, proteins, cytokines, and other supporting materials, such as biomaterials and hydrogels, to produce biomedical devices with biological functions. However, no bioprinting medical devices have been approved by the National Medical Products Administration, with specific registration and regulatory requirements for bioprinting medical devices still needing to be explored. To standardize the Bioprinting Medical Devices Special Requirements for Quality Management System, Chinese experts in relevant fields were organized to formulate this expert consensus.

The three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology in hepatolithiasis could offer decision-making support to preoperative diagnosis, individualized surgical planning, and choosing operative approach. To standardize the application of 3D visualization and 3D printing technology in the precise diagnosis and treatment of hepatolithiasis, Chinese experts in relevant fields were organized by the Chinese Society of Digital Medicine and Chinese Research Hospital Association of Digital Surgery Committee to formulate this expert consensus.

Three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology is a tool used to display, describe, and explain the 3D anatomical and morphological features of tissues and organs, which has been widely used in liver surgery. Indocyanine green (ICG) molecular fluorescence imaging technique has been widely used as an auxiliary tool at cell function level in the diagnosis and surgical navigation of liver tumors. Computer-assisted ICG molecular fluorescence imaging technique can guide the diagnosis and surgical navigation of liver tumors from the perspective of 3D morphological anatomy and cell function of liver tissues, which has been proved by the clinical application to possess unique and accurate diagnosis and treatment value. This consensus provides recommendations for the hot issues of the application of the technique in liver tumors, hoping to provide certain guidance and reference value for surgeons engaging in, or aspiring to engage in the diagnosis and treatment model.

The three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology in liver tumor could offer decision-making support to preoperative diagnosis, individualized surgical planning, and choosing an operative approach. In addition, the hepatic 3D printing helps to realize the leapfrog development from 3D images to 3D physical models and provides better guidance of the precise surgery of complicated liver tumors. To standardize the application of 3D visualization and 3D printing technology in the precise diagnosis and treatment of complicated liver tumors, Chinese experts in relevant fields were organized by Chinese Society of Digital Medicine and Chinese Research Hospital Association of Digital Surgery Committee to formulate this expert consensus.

The three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology in hilar cholangiocarcinoma could offer decision-making support to preoperative diagnosis, individualized surgical planning and then proffer operative approach. In addition,the 3D printing technology helps to realize the leapfrog development from 3D image to 3D physical models and proffers better guidance of the precise surgery for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. To standardize the application of 3D visualization and 3D printing technology in the precise diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma ,Chinese Society of Digital Medicine and Chinese Research Hospital Association of Digital Surgery Committee organized experts in related fields to formulate this consensus.